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Further Reading: Golf

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Golf Club ... It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion... Whether the game was being played in Scotland, Belgium, or any other country the golf clubs did not differ in the materials... However in the middle of the 18th century, it had switched to wood and only two golf clubs did not have wooden heads, the “niblick” and the “cleek”...

Senior Major Golf Championships ... The other four tournaments all date from 1980 or later, having been founded in the era when senior golf became a commercial success... This occurred when the first big golf stars of the television era, men such as Arnold Palmer and Gary Player, began to reach the relevant age...

Professional Golf Tours ... Golf is one of the more lucrative sports in the world for both men and women, but it has a very different structure from other sports, especially team sports... For the less successful, trying to make a living from tournament golf can be precarious: tournaments have entry fees and the associated costs of travel and lodging, plus the hire of a caddy... In the early days of professional golf in each region of the world each professional tournament was established by a separate golf club, golf organisation or commercial sponsor...

Handicap (golf) ... The R& A (now a separate organization from the Royal and Ancient Golf Club), based in St Andrews, Scotland, is responsible for the authorization of handicap systems in all golf playing countries except the United States and Mexico (where United States Golf Association rules apply)... The administration of handicapping systems in countries affiliated to the R& A is the responsibility of the national golf associations of those countries...

Golf Instruction ... Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability, but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game... Golf instruction is best performed by recognised teachers certified by the relevant bodies; in the United States, the recommended teachers are those who are PGA Class A Professionals although many of the greatest teachers are not affiliated to the PGA ... Instructors use a combination of physical conditioning, mental visualization, classroom sessions, club fitting, driving range instruction, on-course play under real conditions, and review of videotaped swings in slow motion to teach golf...

Iron (golf) ... A standard set of 14 golf clubs will contain many irons, which are customarily differentiated by the angle of loft on the clubface, although they will also vary in clubhead size, shaft length, and hence lie angle...

Golf Course ... Each tee box has two markers showing the bounds of the legal tee area. The teeing area spans the distance between the markers, and extends two-club lengths behind the markers...

Men's Major Golf Championships ... Masters" outside North America) is played at the same course, Augusta National Golf Club, every year, while the other three rotate courses (the Open Championship, however, is always played on a links course)... Each of the majors has a distinct history, and they are run by four different golf organizations, but their special status is recognized worldwide... Major championship winners receive the maximum possible allocation of 100 points from the Official World Golf Ranking, which is endorsed by all of the main tours, and major championship prize money is official on the three richest regular (i.e...

Rules Of Golf ... In addition to the rules golf adheres to a code of conduct, known as etiquette, which generally means playing the game with due respect for the golf course and other players... History Before the rules of golf were standardised golf clubs commonly had their own set of rules, which while broadly the same had subtle differences, such as allowing for the removal of loose impediments, e.g... The earliest surviving written rules of golf were produced by the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith on 7 March 1744, for a tournament played on 2 April...

Golf Stroke Mechanics ... For all golfers, it consists of a pre-stroke: (in which golfer choose which club they want and their stance) and the actual stroke. The pre-swing Many golfers' pre-swing looks like this: Golfers start with the non-dominant side of the body facing the target...

Putter ... Putters usually have a loft of 5° but cannot be more than 10°. The putter is the only club that may have a grip that is not perfectly round; "shield"-like cross-sections with a flat top and curved underside are most common...

Driving Range ... Driving ranges are particularly popular in Japan where golf courses are overcrowded and often very expensive...

Women's Major Golf Championships ... Also unlike the men's majors, none of which fall under the direct jurisdiction of any professional golf tour, the LPGA organizes two of its four majors, namely the Kraft Nabisco and LPGA Championship... The Women's British Open is operated by the Ladies' Golf Union, the governing body for women's golf in the United Kingdom and Ireland...

Gap Wedge ... The Karsten Manufacturing Company, maker of the Ping brand of golf clubs, used to label its gap wedges with "U" for "utility wedge"...

Wedge (golf) ... Pitching wedge A pitching wedge is a type of golf club used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a 9-iron and a lower and longer trajectory than a gap wedge...

Tee ... A standard golf tee is 2.125" (two and one eighth inches = 5.4 cm) long, but both longer and shorter tees are permitted... There are also many biodegradable, ecological and recycable golf tees that diminish the number trees cut down to manufacture the tees and allow golf courses to lower costs by not having to deal with the broken wooden tees on their courses... According to the R& A rule book, for a tee to be legal, "It must not be longer than 4 inches (101.6 mm) and it must not be designed or manufactured in such a way that it could indicate the line of play or influence the movement of the ball." History The development of the tee was the last major change to the rules of golf...

Professional Golfer ... Professional golfers are divided into two main groups, with a limited amount of overlap between them: The great majority of professional golfers (at least 95%) make their living from teaching the game, running golf clubs and courses, and dealing in golf equipment... The senior professional golfer at a golf club is usually referred to as the club professional, but at a large golf club or resort with several courses his job title is likely to be director of golf... A golfer who concentrates wholly or nearly so on giving golf lessons is a teaching professional, golf instructor or golf coach...

Golf ... Instead, the game is played on golf "courses", each of which features a unique design, although courses typically consist of either nine or 18 holes... Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules." Golf competition is generally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes during a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play... Origin While the modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated...

Glossary Of Golf ... Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0–9 19th hole the clubhouse bar...

Further Reading: Sports

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Baseball In Japan ... A team cannot have more than four foreign players, limiting the cost and competition for expensive players of other nationalities, similar to rules in many European sports leagues' roster limits on non-European players...

Baseball In Australia ... In 1867, Victorian cricketers William Gaggin and Louis Goldsmith tried to set up a game of baseball at Yarra Park but were disrupted by fans arriving for a local Australian football match. The first competitive series was played between the Surry Baseball Club and members of the New South Wales Cricket Association over June/July 1878...

Football ... In the twentieth century, the various codes of football have become amongst the most popular team sports in the world...

Baseball In Cuba ... Soon after this, the first Cuban War of Independence against its Spanish rulers spurred Spanish authorities in 1869 to ban playing the sport in Cuba. The reasons were because Cubans began to prefer baseball to viewing bullfights, which Cubans were expected to dutifully attend as homage to their Spanish rulers in an informal cultural mandate...

History Of Baseball In The United States ... In 1828, an article published in a Hagerstown, Maryland, newspaper briefly describes a young girl who's drawn away from her daily chores to play a familiar game with her friends. In "A Village Sketch," author Miss Mitford wrote: "Then comes a sun-burnt gipsy of six, beginning to grow tall and thin and to find the cares of the world gathering about her; with a pitcher in one hand, a mop in the other, an old straw bonnet of ambiguous shape, half hiding her tangled hair; a tattered stuff petticoat once green, hanging below an equally tattered cotton frock, once purple; her longing eyes fixed on a game of baseball at the corner of the green till she reaches the cottage door, flings down the mop and pitcher and darts off to her companions quite regardless of the storm of scolding with which the mother follows her runaway steps." The first team to play baseball under modern rules were the New York Knickerbockers...

Baseball ... Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-eighteenth century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed...

Bowl Championship Series ... The BCS relies on a combination of polls and computer selection methods to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The American Football Coaches Association is contractually bound to vote the winner of this game as the BCS National Champion and the contract signed by each conference requires them to recognize the winner of the BCS National Championship game as the official and only Champion...

History Of Baseball Outside The United States ... In 1973, struggles in the FIBA led to a dissident organisation, the Federacion Mundial de Beisbol Amateur (FEMBA), which organised its own World Championships. The two organisations were reconciled in 1976, forming the International Baseball Association (AINBA)...

Sportsmanship ... Sportsmanship can be conceptualized as an enduring and relatively stable characteristic or disposition such that individuals differ in the way they are generally expected to behave in sport situations. In general, sportsmanship refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage, and persistence, and has been associated with interpersonal concepts of treating others and being treated fairly, maintaining self-control if dealing with others, and respect for both authority and opponents...

English Public School Football Games ... First, the evidence suggests that, during the 16th century, they transformed the violent and chaotic, but popular "mob football" into organised team sports that were beneficial to schoolboys... This is a rather misleading translation of the original latin "Lusui erit follis pugillari spiritu tumens", which Francis Peabody Magoun translated as "In sport we shall have a ball inflated with air to kick" Even as early as 1519, Horman shows us that he was well aware of the value of sports to children's education and the need to temper their enthusiasm in order not to affect their studies: "There muste be a measure in gyuynge of remedies or sportynge to chyldren, leste they be wery of goynge to theyr boke if they haue none, or waxe slacke if they haue to many"...

History Of Association Football ... During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various football games that were played in the public schools as well in the industrial north under the Sheffield Rules. In 1862, J...

Winning Isn't Everything; It's The Only Thing ... In 1955, in a Sports Illustrated article preceding the 1956 Rose Bowl, he was quoted as saying "Sure, winning isn't every thing; it's the only thing." This credo has served as counterpoint to the well known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice that, "it's not that you won or lost but how you played the game," and to the Modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important thing ...

Official (basketball) ... Officials are usually referred to as referees, however generally there is one lead referee and one or two umpires, depending on whether there is a two or three person crew. In the NBA, the lead official is called the crew chief and the other two officials are "referees"...

Sheffield Rules ... The city was home to a number of sports clubs and the popularity of cricket had led to the chairman of Sheffield Cricket Club to suggest the construction of Bramall Lane...

Association Football ... In general play, the goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms, while the field players typically use their feet to kick the ball into position, occasionally using their torso or head to intercept a ball in midair. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins...

Origins Of Baseball ... Americans played a version of the English game rounders in the early 19th century which they called "Town Ball." In fact, early forms of baseball had a number of names, including "Base Ball," "Goal Ball " "Round Ball," "Fletch-catch," "stool ball," and, simply, "Base." In at least one version of the game, teams pitched to themselves, runners went around the bases in the opposite direction of today's game, and players could be put out by being hit with the ball. Like today, a batter was called out after three strikes...

History Of Sport ... Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include hurling (similar to field hockey) in Ireland, harpastum (similar to rugby) in Rome, cuju (similar to association football) in China, and polo in Persia... It was predictably in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first Olympic Games recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393 AD... the Panathenaia of Athens, included musical, reading and other non-athletic contests in addition to regular sports events...

Australian Rules Football ... The objective of the game is to score points by passing the ball through the opponent's goal. The main way to score points is by kicking the ball between the two major goal posts...

History Of American Football ... American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp, considered the "Father of American Football". Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage and of down-and-distance rules...

Names For Association Football ... The term association football has never been widely used, although in Britain some clubs in rugby football strongholds adopted the suffix Association Football Club (A. F. C.) to avoid confusion with the dominant sport in their area, and FIFA, the world governing body for the sport, is a French-language acronym of "Fédération Internationale de Football Association" – the International Federation of Association Football. "Soccer football", is used less often than it once was: the United States Soccer Federation was known as the United States Soccer Football Association from 1945 until 1974, when it adopted its current name...

College Football ... The first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9, 1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was (Sir) William Mulock, later Chancellor of the school...

Laws Of The Game (association Football) ... The actual law book has long contained 50 pages more of material, organized in numerous sections, that contain many diagrams but did not fit with the main 17 laws. In 2007, many of these additional sections along with much of the material from the FIFA Questions and Answers (Q& A), were restructured and put into a new Additional Instructions and Guidelines for the Referee section...

Sport ... Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this definition, and other organisations such as the Council of Europe using definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports... The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and SportAccord, the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports, although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as sports... Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner...

Rugby Football ... 1941 The French Vichy government bans Rugby League, because of its links with the Allies and a desire to ban all professional sports... 1994 David Hinchcliffe MP introduces the Sports (Discrimination) Bill, to ban discrimination of amateur players of Rugby League and other sports...