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Weight Loss ... Poor management of type 1 diabetes mellitus, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), leads to an excessive amount of glucose and an insufficient amount of insulin in the bloodstream. This triggers the release of triglycerides from adipose (fat) tissue and catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids in muscle tissue...
Food ... Today, most of the food energy consumed by the world population is supplied by the food industry, which is operated by multinational corporations that use intensive farming and industrial agriculture to maximize system output... Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, and International Food Information Council...
Food Safety ... Food can transmit disease from person to person as well as serve as a growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning... Debates on genetic food safety include such issues as impact of genetically modified food on health of further generations and genetic pollution of environment, which can destroy natural biological diversity... In developed countries there are intricate standards for food preparation, whereas in lesser developed countries the main issue is simply the availability of adequate safe water, which is usually a critical item...
Agriculture ... The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species...
Cuisine ... Cuisine can be stated as the foods and methods of food preparation traditional to a region or population... The major factors shaping a cuisine are climate, which in large measure determines the native raw materials that are available, economic conditions, which affect trade and can affect food distribution, imports and exports, and religious or sumptuary laws, under which certain foods are required or proscribed... Climate also affects the supply of fuel for cooking; a common Chinese food preparation method was cutting food into small pieces to cook foods quickly and conserve scarce firewood and charcoal...
Public Health ... In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during an outbreak of infectious disease, or contamination of food or water supplies...
Animal Source Foods ... Many individuals do not consume ASF or consume little ASF by either personal choice or necessity as ASF may not be accessible or available to these people. Nutrition of animal source foods Aside from performed vitamin A, vitamin B12 and vitamin D, all vitamins found in animal source foods may also be found in plant-derived foods...
Cookware And Bakeware ... The choice of material for cookware and bakeware items has a significant effect on the item's performance (and cost), particularly in terms of thermal conductivity and how much food sticks to the item when in use... Some choices of material also require special pre-preparation of the surface - known as seasoning - before they are used for food preparation... In addition to exposing food to direct heat from either an open fire or hot embers it is possible to cover the food with clay or large leaves before roasting to preserve moisture in the cooked result...
Regional Cuisine ... Regional cuisines may vary based upon food availability and trade, varying climates, cooking traditions and practices, and cultural differences... One noteworthy definition is based upon traditional cuisine: "A traditional cuisine is a coherent tradition of food preparation that rises from the daily lives and kitchens of a people over an extended period in a specific region of a country, or a specific country, and which, when localized, has notable distinctions from the cuisine of the country as a whole." Regional food preparation traditions, customs and ingredients often combine to create dishes unique to a particular region...
2007–2008 World Food Price Crisis ... Oil price increases also caused general escalations in the costs of fertilizers, food transportation, and industrial agriculture... Root causes may be the increasing use of biofuels in developed countries (see also food vs fuel), and an increasing demand for a more varied diet across the expanding middle-class populations of Asia... These factors, coupled with falling world-food stockpiles all contributed to the worldwide rise in food prices...
Water ... Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation...
Plant Breeding ... International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions... Initially early human farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and used these as a seed source for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of characteristics over time...
Food Processing ... Modern food processing technology in the 19th and 20th century was largely developed to serve military needs... In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a vacuum bottling technique that would supply food for French troops, and this contributed to the development of tinning and then canning by Peter Durand in 1810... Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1862, was a significant advance in ensuring the micro-biological safety of food...
Outline Of Food Preparation ... What type of thing is food preparation? Art – an art, one of the arts, is a creative endeavor or discipline... Although over time the term has come to describe any person who cooks for a living, traditionally it refers to a highly skilled professional who is proficient in all aspects of food preparation... It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour or digestibility of food...
Global Cuisines ... Comoros The Republic of the Congo Congolese cuisine (Democratic Republic of the Congo) cuisine varies widely, representing the food of indigenous people... Some foods, such as cassava (a food staple in Central Africa), groundnuts (peanuts) and chili peppers were imported from the New World... A woman carrying bananas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Central market of Léo, Burkina Faso Fufu (right) is a staple food of West and Central Africa...
Further Reading: Medicine
Medical Education ... The latter consists of teaching in the various areas of clinical medicine such as internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and surgery...
History Of Surgery ... Influences As Christianity grew in influence, a tension developed under the church and folk-medicine, since much in folk medicine was magical, or mystical, and had its basis in sources that were not compatible with Christian faith... In the Middle Ages, some people did not consider medicine a profession suitable for Christians, as disease was often considered God-sent...
Health Systems By Country ... The study of prehistoric medicine relies heavily on artifacts and human remains, and on anthropology. Previously uncontacted peoples and certain indigenous peoples who live in a traditional way have been the subject of anthropological studies in order to gain insight into both contemporary and ancient practices...
Surgery ... Access to health care varies across countries, groups and individuals, largely influenced by social and economic conditions as well as the health policies in place. Countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies...
Opium ... The production of opium itself has not changed since ancient times. Through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine, has been greatly increased...
Medicine In The Medieval Islamic World ... The poppy is the only species of Papaveraceae that is an agricultural crop grown on a large scale. Other species, Papaver rhoeas and Papaver argemone, are important agricultural weeds, and may be mistaken for the crop...
History Of Medicine ... While most drugs are legal to possess, many governments regulate the manufacture, distribution, marketing, and sale of some drugs, for instance through a prescription system. Only certain drugs are banned with a "blanket prohibition" against all use...
Health Care ... 400 BC - 1 BC – The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine) is published, laying the framework for traditional Chinese medicine 280 BC – Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves 270 BC – Huangfu Mi writes the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture 250 BC – Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum 220 BC – Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest medical textbook in the world 200 BC – the Charaka Samhita uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination 180 BC – Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord 70–50 BC – Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica – a precursor of modern pharmacopoeias that was in use for almost 1600 years...
Public Health-care In China ... In 1995 the former CIA Director of this Afghan operation, Mr. Charles Cogan, admitted sacrificing the drug war to fight the Cold War...
Opium Poppy ... Further down the line, the speculative field of molecular nanotechnology believes that cell repair machines could revolutionize medicine and the medical field...
Medieval Medicine ... The MPH degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. Master of Public Health programs are available throughout the world in Medical Schools, Schools of Public Health, and Schools of Public Affairs...
Ancient Iranian Medicine ... The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon and the Treatise on Cold Damage, as well as in cosmological notions like yin-yang and the Five Phases... Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were modernized in the People's Republic of China so as to integrate many anatomical and pathological notions from scientific medicine... Nonetheless, many of its assumptions, including the model of the body, or concept of disease, are not supported by modern evidence-based medicine...
Space Medicine ... In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as an undergraduate degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework...
Traditional Chinese Medicine ... Cultural context The term "medicine people" is commonly used in Native American communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."...
Prehistoric Medicine ... Traditional and modern Chinese medicine See also: Medicine in China, Traditional Chinese medicine, Medical missions in China, Pharmacy in China, and Pharmaceutical industry in China China has one of the longest recorded history of medicine records of any existing civilization... Today Chinese traditional medicine continues alongside western medicine and traditional physicians, who also receive some western medical training, are sometimes primary care givers in the clinics and pharmacies of rural China... Although the practice of traditional Chinese medicine was strongly promoted by the Chinese leadership and remained a major component of health care, Western medicine gained increasing acceptance in the 1970s and 1980s...
Opium Production In Afghanistan ... Unani medicine is based on the concept of the four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and Black bile (Saudā')... History Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, who lived in the second century of the Christian Era and also to Ancient Iranian Medicine, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was developed by Hakim Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the west) in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine... The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia...
Veterinary Medicine ... History The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun (1900 BCE) and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine... (See also Shalihotra) One of the edicts of Ashoka reads: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people and medicine for animals...
History Of General Anesthesia ... Setting bones Among some treatments used by the Aztecs, according to Spanish texts during the conquest of Mexico, was the reduction of fractured bones: ".the broken bone had to be splinted, extended and adjusted, and if this was not sufficient an incision was made at the end of the bone, and a branch of fir was inserted into the cavity of the medulla." Modern medicine developed a technique similar to this in the 20th century known as medullary fixation...
Shamanism ... The Institute of Traditional Medicine Services supports indigenous medical centers associated with the district hospitals...
Prohibition Of Drugs ... The European Renaissance saw significant advances in anatomy and surgical technique. However, despite all this progress, surgery remained a treatment of last resort...
Health System ... Mircea Eliade writes, "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = "technique of religious ecstasy". Shamanism encompasses the belief that shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the human world and the spirit worlds...
Unani ... Institutions Medical facility A medical facility is, in general, any location at which medicine is practiced regularly... A biomedical research facility is where basic research or applied research is conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine...
Health Care Provider ... These studies raised the possibility of revival of traditional treatments on the basis of evidence-based medicine... The sixth book of Zend-Avesta contains some of the earliest records of history of ancient Iranian medicine... In a passage of the Vendidad, one of the surviving texts of the Zandavesta, three kinds of medicine were distinguished: medicine by the knife (surgery), medicine by herbs, and medicine by divine words; and the best medicine was, according to the Vendidad, healing by divine words: Of all the healers O Spitama Zarathustra, namely those who heal with the knife, with herbs, and with sacred incantations, the last one is the most potent as he heals from the very source of diseases...